[[syncretism-conversion-isation]] --- [[u-saloUNKNOWN]] [[kuzmina1999]] ii-finno-ugric [[carpelan-parpola-koskikallio2001]] [[blazek2003]] & [[blazek2005]] indo-iranian & fenno-ugric [[perabo2016]] ### Sacred-Groves [[groves]] Influence on Estonian (*hiis*) Estonian hiis ("sacred grove") Cognate with Finnish Finnish hiisi and Livvi hiiži (“devil”). The original meaning in Proto-Finnic was most likely "burial ground". Possibly a loan from Proto-Germanic *χīđiz (“den, thicket”) or *sīdǭ (“side”). *Christianization in Estonia: A Process of Dual-Faith and Syncretism by Heiki Valk In: The Cross Goes North ed. Martin Carver